![]() An important example is the geocomposite drain (GCD): a prefabricated subsurface drainage product, which consists of a filter geotextile, a carrier geotextile and a polymeric drain core in between consisting of a geonet or another type of spacer. Geocomposite (GCO): a manufactured or assembled material using at least one geosynthetic product among other components. Geofoam (GFO): a polymeric material, which has been formed by the application of the polymer in semi-liquid form, through the use of a foaming agent, which results in a lightweight material with high void content. Geosynthetic clay liner (GCL): an assembled structure of geosynthetic materials and low hydraulic conductivity soil material (clay) in the form of a manufactured sheet. Geomembrane (GMB): a planar, relatively impermeable, polymeric sheet. Geonet (GNT): a planar, polymeric structure consisting of a regular dense network, whose constituent elements are linked by knots or extrusion and whose openings are much larger than the constituents are. Geogrids are used primarily for reinforcement applications. Geogrid (GGR): a planar, polymeric structure consisting of a regular open network of integrally connected tensile elements, which may be linked by extrusion, bonding or interlacing, whose openings are larger than the constituents are. A woven geotextile is produced by interlacing, usually at right angles, two or more sets of yarns, fibers, filaments, tapes or other elements. A nonwoven geotextile is a manufactured sheet, web or batt of directionally or randomly orientated fibers, filaments or other elements, mechanically and/or thermally and/or chemically bonded. Geotextile (GTX): a planar, permeable, polymeric textile material, which may be nonwoven, knitted or woven. From bottom to top: rough black surface of a high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane, white carrier nonwoven geotextile, black geonet, white nonwoven filter geotextile (folded back), black woven geogrid and a white sand-filled geocontainer made of a nonwoven. The variety of products is impressive (figure (figure1) 1) and the products are categorized as follows. Clearly, the main field of application of geosynthetics is geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering, even though they are applied in other fields of civil engineering, e.g. ![]() antioxidant packages) are selected, which fit best to the envisaged application. linear low density polyethylene octane- or hexane-copolymers, high-molecular weight polyethylene terephthalate with low concentration of carboxyl endgroups) and related additive packages (e.g. However, within each class specific types of polymers (e.g. The main basic classes of polymers used are polyethylene, polypropylene, polyester and polyvinyl chloride. Geosynthetics are products made of synthetic or natural polymeric materials, which are used in contact with soil or rock and/or other geotechnical materials. Geosynthetics are of ever-growing importance in this field of applications. Examples are remediation of contaminated sites, water resource engineering, wastewater treatment, waste handling and storage, pollution control, coastal reconstruction, protection and preservation, flood control, etc. Geoenvironmental engineering is the engineering discipline that deals with the application of geotechnical methods to the solution of environmental problems. The geosynthetic market is evaluated and economical and environmental benefits, as well as environmental side effects related to the use of geosynthetics, are discussed. The various functions, which geosynthetics may fulfill in the protection of coastal lines, are illustrated by case studies. Both issues are of importance for the use of these products in landfill capping systems. ![]() Two examples of the material problems related to geosynthetics are discussed in detail: the effect of creep on the long-term performance of geocomposite drains and the numerical simulation of the interaction of soil with geogrids. We will give an overview of the various geosynthetic products. Sealing of waste storage facilities to safely prevent the emission of wastewater, landfill gas and contaminated dust as well as the diffusion of pollutants into the environment and coastal protection against storms and floods and reconstruction after natural disaster are important fields of application. Geosynthetics are of ever-growing importance in the construction industry. Geosynthetics are planar polymeric products, which are used in connection with soil, rock or other soil-like materials to fulfill various functions in geoenvironmental engineering.
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